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Molecular Biology
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transformation of bacteria (only possible as part of a longer course)
Transformation is the uptake of DNA by bacteria.Transformation is used in molecular biology to introduce new DNA into the host bacteria. To do the experiment, the bacterial cells have to be made competent for the uptake. After successfull transformation, these bacteria can be cultured and used for the plasmid isolation or protein expression.
Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that coexist with the bacterial genome. These plasmids serve as vectors in the biotechnology to introduce foreign genes into host cells. Plasmids are isolated from a bacterial culture in the practical. The detection of the purified plasmid DNA is done be agarose gel electrophoresis.
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA molecules after recognizing a specific nucleotide sequence. They are used to produce recombinant DNA molecules by cutting the circular DNA strand of a plasmid vector. We are using three different restriction endonucleases in this experiment to digest isolated plasmid DNA. The resulting DNA fragments are analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
The polymerase chain reaction is a method to amplify DNA without usage of a living organism. PCR is used in biological and medical laboratories for a variety of different tasks, e.g. to identify hereditary deseases, for DNA finger printing, to clone genes and for the paternity test. We will amplify a given DNA template by the PCR and analyse the products by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Proteins determine form and function of the organism. They are responsible for many diverse activities like transport processes, enzym reactions, formation of the cytoskeleton or signal transduction. We will express GFP (green fluoresecent protein) and purify it by affinity chromatography. The protein will then be analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).